Y-Haplogroup Projects and Websites

Haplogroups are the groupings of mankind based on analysis of the y-chromosome, which has been passed from father to son since the beginning.  Each haplogroupⁱ represents a branch of the "Family Tree of Man".   Haplogroups were assigned letters of the alphabet before the complete analysis was done which means that the specific letter assignment itself is meaningless.  However, our learning over time has allowed us to correlate each haplogroup to man's migration as we populated the earth.  This learning, which is continuing, makes the Haplogroup designation very interesting - as it identifies which migration path our ancient ancestors took.  

As more has been learned about haplogroups, they have been assigned more detailed codings - which are a pattern of alternating letters and numbers.  The reporting of a Haplogroups with differing precision is often confusing, as each additional character in the Haplogroup indicates more detail.

• For example, R1a and R1b are two branches of the R1 branch of the R Haplogroup. Men with the same (sub)haplogroup share the common ancestor who originated the mutationⁱ that defines that sub-haplogroup.
• Two men who are both R1a will be more closely related to each other than to a man who is R1b. 
• Two men, one R1a and one R1b, are more closely related to each other than they are to an J2.  (but - it is still many 1000s of years to their common ancestor)
• A man with a reported R1b1 and a man with a R1b1b2 are still considered to be the same haplogroup -as all portions reported are identical.  However, an R1b1b1 and an R1b1b2 are considered to be different (sub)haplogroups.  

A man's Haplogroup is typically estimated, based on the markers evaluated in his yDNA test.  To be certain of the Haplogroup, a formal test, often called a SNPⁱ (pronounced "snip") test must be done. 

There is a large and ever-growing body of literature on Haplogroups.  General Haplogroup resource information is found at the bottom of this page.  This table provides links to the Y-Haplogroup projects at FTDNAⁱ and to information specific to Y-Haplogroups.

-
 
Jewish_E3b

E1 & E
 
Jewish_E3b

G

G5

G2C

I

I1a

I1c

I1

M223

R1b Jewish

-

R1b1c6

Atlantic-R1b1c

R1b1c7

R1b1c9

R1b1c10

-

R1b Jewish

R1b1b2(a2)d

R1b-rs34276300+

R-M222

R1b-U106

R1b-U152+

R1b-U198/S29+

General Reference Materials

Reference Materials: for Y-Haplogroups

Reference Materials: Y-Haplogroup Migrations & Geographic Analyses

Reference Materials: Y-Haplogroup Mutations & MRCAs

1. General Reference Material has been moved to the Reference Page
2. mtDNAⁱ Reference Material is available at the mt-Haplogroup page